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Banking Essentials - Part I

This pathway will walk us through the basics of banks, starting with some of the different types and their main functions, then starting to look at the regulation faced by the banks, both before and after the Global Financial Crisis.

Greenwashing

Greenwashing is the act of distributing false information about something being more environmentally friendly than it actually is.

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Tackling the Cost of Living Crisis

In this video, Max discusses the cost-of-living crisis currently enveloping the UK. He examines its impact on households as well as the overall economy.

CSR and Sustainability in Financial Services

In the first video of this two-part video series, Elisa introduces us to sustainability. She begins by looking at the difference between sustainability and corporate social responsibility, two terms that can be easily confused.

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UK Economic Outlook Autumn 2021 (Inflation)

UK Economic Outlook Autumn 2021 (Inflation)

Cyrille Lenoel

15 years: Macroeconomist

In this video Cyrille explains why he thinks UK inflation will hit 5 per cent next year and what it means for the economy. He goes through the factors contributing to inflation, from energy prices to shipping costs. He discusses why the UK economy hits supply constraints earlier than expected. He argues that the Bank of England should raise rates sooner rather than later to prevent a damaging wage-inflation spiral. He concludes by saying what rising inflation means for households’ income.

In this video Cyrille explains why he thinks UK inflation will hit 5 per cent next year and what it means for the economy. He goes through the factors contributing to inflation, from energy prices to shipping costs. He discusses why the UK economy hits supply constraints earlier than expected. He argues that the Bank of England should raise rates sooner rather than later to prevent a damaging wage-inflation spiral. He concludes by saying what rising inflation means for households’ income.

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UK Economic Outlook Autumn 2021 (Inflation)

9 mins 40 secs

Overview

In 2022 UK inflation is expected to hit 5% and may take years to fall back down to the Bank of England target of 2%. The recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic is driving inflation, as companies are struggling to rebuild capacity, are facing increased input prices, shipping costs and are experiencing labour shortages. These higher costs are then passed on to the end consumer. High inflation is harmful to households, it reduces real income and purchasing power.

Key learning objectives:

  • Understand what is causing the rise in inflation

  • Discuss the impact of rising inflation

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Summary

Why is higher inflation concerning?

During 2021 inflation exploded, with the inflation rate rising from 0.4% in February to 4.2% in October, with inflation expected to peak at around 5% by April 2022. 

The effect of higher inflation on households is usually twofold. Firstly, faced with rising production costs, producers will tend to pass on these extra costs to the final consumer, resulting in higher end-product costs. Inflation also reduces households real income and therefore their purchasing power. 

What are the key things driving inflation?

There are several factors working in tandem driving inflation, however, most of these factors can be traced back to the COVID-19 Pandemic. 

The first factor is supply constraints. During 2020 output collapsed, consumers stopped spending and businesses scaled back operations to save money. With the recovery from the pandemic, businesses are now struggling to re-increase their output capacity fast enough to cope with the new rise in demand. They need to increase recruitment, purchase more input products and reorganise themselves, at a time when the pandemic is still imposing restraints on all of us, which leads to higher costs. 

Another factor is the surge in energy prices. The gas crisis in Europe is an example of this. Rising demand for energy means higher prices are here to stay. Higher energy prices increase inflation because energy is necessary both for any production activities and for households to heat and power their homes. 

Surging transport costs have also boosted inflation. With changing consumption patterns consumers are purchasing more goods from home and fewer services. This situation has made it a challenge for firms to produce and deliver the extra goods. The cost of shipping from Asia to North Europe has risen by more than 600% between 2020-2021 and air cargo is at full capacity. 

What is the Bank of England doing about it?

With inflation expected to reach 5% by mid-2022, more than twice the Bank of England target of 2%, Cyrille argues that the Bank of England should have raised rates already.

The MPC surprised markets in November 2021 by not raising interest rates, despite it being suggested in the run-up to the meeting. The reasoning behind this is that the MPC argues that the forces behind the current surge in inflation are transitory and that they will disappear soon. However, they are still implying a rate hike soon. 

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Cyrille Lenoel

Cyrille Lenoel

Cyrille is the Principal Economist at the National Institute of Social and Economic Research. As part of his work at NIESR, he has contributed to the development of the National Institute Global Econometric Model and a new National Institute Sectoral Econometric Model. Before joining NIESR in 2017, Cyrille had worked in quantitative roles in the financial sector to develop risk and pricing models. He has two master's degrees, one in Engineering from Ecole Centrale de Nantes, and one in Economics from Toulouse School of Economics.

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