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Banking Essentials - Part I

This pathway will walk us through the basics of banks, starting with some of the different types and their main functions, then starting to look at the regulation faced by the banks, both before and after the Global Financial Crisis.

Greenwashing

Greenwashing is the act of distributing false information about something being more environmentally friendly than it actually is.

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Tackling the Cost of Living Crisis

In this video, Max discusses the cost-of-living crisis currently enveloping the UK. He examines its impact on households as well as the overall economy.

CSR and Sustainability in Financial Services

In the first video of this two-part video series, Elisa introduces us to sustainability. She begins by looking at the difference between sustainability and corporate social responsibility, two terms that can be easily confused.

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Banking Essentials - Part I

This pathway will walk us through the basics of banks, starting with some of the different types and their main functions, then starting to look at the regulation faced by the banks, both before and after the Global Financial Crisis.

Greenwashing

Greenwashing is the act of distributing false information about something being more environmentally friendly than it actually is.

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Expert led content

+1,000 expert presented, on-demand video modules

Learning analytics

Keep track of learning progress with our comprehensive data

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Engage with our video hotspots and knowledge check-ins

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Gain CPD / CPE credits and professional certification

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Build, scale and manage your organisation’s learning

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Connect Finance Unlocked to your current platform

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More featured content

Tackling the Cost of Living Crisis

In this video, Max discusses the cost-of-living crisis currently enveloping the UK. He examines its impact on households as well as the overall economy.

CSR and Sustainability in Financial Services

In the first video of this two-part video series, Elisa introduces us to sustainability. She begins by looking at the difference between sustainability and corporate social responsibility, two terms that can be easily confused.

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What is Linear Regression?

What is Linear Regression?

Abdulla Javeri

30 years: Financial markets trader

This video is a continuation in the series where Abdulla examines whether movements in one asset are somehow related to movements in another asset. The subject of this video is linear regression, otherwise known as simple linear regression or least squares regression.

This video is a continuation in the series where Abdulla examines whether movements in one asset are somehow related to movements in another asset. The subject of this video is linear regression, otherwise known as simple linear regression or least squares regression.

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What is Linear Regression?

4 mins 55 secs

Overview

Linear regression, also known as simple linear regression or least squares regression, attempts to quantify the expected return for one asset given the return for another asset. The regression line defines the relationship between the expected return for a particular asset (defined as the dependent variable) and another asset (defined as the independent variable). The line passes through the average of both, with a slope that minimises residual errors.

Key learning objectives:

  • What is linear regression?

  • How do you construct a regression line?

  • How do you define the slope of the line?

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Summary

What is linear regression?

Linear regression, also known as simple linear regression or least squares regression, attempts to quantify the expected return for one asset given the return for another asset. The regression line defines the relationship between the expected returns for a particular asset defined as the dependent variable, and another asset defined as the independent variable. It’s the line that passes through the average of both, with a slope that minimises the residual errors.

To define a regression line requires data, e.g. gold vs the euro, gold vs the Dow Jones equity index where relationships look linear. Non-linear relationships can still be represented in linear form, but regression analysis will likely have very large errors.

How do you construct a regression line?

To construct a regression line, calculate the average daily return of a given company’s shares. (The average daily return offers the best expectation of future daily returns). Error terms or residuals (the differences between the actual returns and the expected return) can be quantified by summing the squares of each residual a.k.a. the sum of squared errors (SSE).

Bringing in another asset that might have a relationship to the first asset in terms of returns and calculating its movements could explain some of the errors in the first dataset, say comparing Apple (the dependent variable) to returns on a market index (the independent variable). The regression line must satisfy two conditions:

  1. It must go through the average return for Apple and the average return for the market
  2. The slope of the line must minimise the remaining residuals or errors

How do you derive the slope of the regression line?

The slope of the regression line is derived from measuring the SSE and rotating the line until the smallest SSE is reached. This should be smaller than the original SSE for our company’s shares, providing some explanation for those errors. This shows in a linear form the relationship between the expected returns for that company versus the market. The y axis is the expected return on the company’s shares, which is the return for the market multiplied by b (the gradient or slope) + plus c the intercept.

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Abdulla Javeri

Abdulla Javeri

Abdulla’s career in the financial markets started in 1990 when he entered the trading floor of the London International Financial Futures Exchange, LIFFE, and qualified as a pit trader in equity and equity index options. In 1996, Abdulla became a trainer for regulatory qualifications and then for non-exam courses, primarily covering all major financial products.

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