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Banking Essentials - Part I

This pathway will walk us through the basics of banks, starting with some of the different types and their main functions, then starting to look at the regulation faced by the banks, both before and after the Global Financial Crisis.

Greenwashing

Greenwashing is the act of distributing false information about something being more environmentally friendly than it actually is.

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Tackling the Cost of Living Crisis

In this video, Max discusses the cost-of-living crisis currently enveloping the UK. He examines its impact on households as well as the overall economy.

CSR and Sustainability in Financial Services

In the first video of this two-part video series, Elisa introduces us to sustainability. She begins by looking at the difference between sustainability and corporate social responsibility, two terms that can be easily confused.

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Is Quantitative Easing Still Necessary?

Is Quantitative Easing Still Necessary?

Trevor Williams

25 years: Macroeconomist in banking

Trevor talks us through his thoughts on central bank monetary policy and the potential consequences of the reversal of quantitative easing.

Trevor talks us through his thoughts on central bank monetary policy and the potential consequences of the reversal of quantitative easing.

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Is Quantitative Easing Still Necessary?

11 mins 17 secs

Key learning objectives:

  • Understand the impact of quantitative easing on the economy

  • Outline the risks of ending QE

  • Understand the implications of returning to normal monetary policies

Overview:

Monetary policy was stretched to new levels of involvement during the crisis of 2008. Central banks resorted to policies such as Quantitative Easing (QE) that have never been seen before. QE, asset purchases by central banks, boosted the confidence of financial markets. It signalled a policy of loose rates and rebalances portfolios from low risk to high risk as it boosts market liquidity. In doing so, it creates a greater supply of money.

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Summary
Why mid monetary policy get so loose?
In 2008 the world economy and global financial market experienced their worst shock since the Great Depression. The epicentre of the crisis was in developed countries' financial markets and economies; particularly in the US, UK and Europe. As borrowing became too cheap, lending rates fell to extremely low levels and there was excessive lending and borrowing in the developed countries. Central bank monetary policy around the world was just too loose. Cutting interest rates to record lows was not sufficient as they hit zero, so some central banks had to go for negative interest rates and for Quantitative Easing. Even lower interest rates and even looser policy was required to end this crisis.
What has been the impact of QE?
QE, asset purchases by central banks, boosts the confidence of financial markets. It signals a policy of loose rates and rebalances portfolios from low risk to high risk as it boosts market liquidity. In doing so, it creates a greater supply of money. In this case it also lowers the exchange rate, and boosts bank lending. This should increase wealth and lower the cost of borrowing. This, in turn, encourages investment, boosting spending and incomes. That together should eventually lead to higher inflation, avoiding price deflation and lead to a reversal of the policy stances.
Is the QE policy still needed?
The short answer is no. Economic growth has recovered and risk taking, as evidenced by low yields and high levels of asset prices, is becoming perhaps excessive. Yet risk as shown by global policy uncertainty remains high.
Will ending QE create a crisis?
It is not certain but it could do if reversed too quickly or mishandled. Ending QE would hit confidence, lower asset prices as portfolios adjusted and de-risked, reduce liquidity, lower money supply, raise the exchange rate, reduce bank lending, reduce wealth, lower consumption and lead to weaker economic activity and lower inflation.
What is normal for monetary policy?
With lower productivity and economic growth, the ‘natural rate of interest’ is lower. Normal would be UK short term rates before the crisis, the long run average then was around 5.25%. But the average since 2008 is around 0.5%. For the US, the average is around 4.5%, in normal times and since 2018 around 0.25%.

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Trevor Williams

Trevor Williams

Trevor is a visiting professor at the University of Derby and an economic consultant. He is the author of several books and articles and is former Chief Economist of Lloyds Banking Group.

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