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Banking Essentials - Part I

This pathway will walk us through the basics of banks, starting with some of the different types and their main functions, then starting to look at the regulation faced by the banks, both before and after the Global Financial Crisis.

Greenwashing

Greenwashing is the act of distributing false information about something being more environmentally friendly than it actually is.

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Tackling the Cost of Living Crisis

In this video, Max discusses the cost-of-living crisis currently enveloping the UK. He examines its impact on households as well as the overall economy.

CSR and Sustainability in Financial Services

In the first video of this two-part video series, Elisa introduces us to sustainability. She begins by looking at the difference between sustainability and corporate social responsibility, two terms that can be easily confused.

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Introduction to Risk-Weighted Assets

Introduction to Risk-Weighted Assets

Moorad Choudhry

34 years: Banking and Capital Markets

Moorad explains the purpose of risk-weightings, how they work and how they are assigned and applied.

Moorad explains the purpose of risk-weightings, how they work and how they are assigned and applied.

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Introduction to Risk-Weighted Assets

11 mins 7 secs

Key learning objectives:

  • Define risk-weighted assets

  • Understand how risk-weightings are assigned

Overview:

Under Basel rules, assets which a bank holds are assigned a risk-weighting based on their credit risk, which influences the minimum regulatory capital requirement. The more risk-weighted assets a bank has, the more capital a bank will need to hold. This capital is intended to cushion the bank against any unexpected losses that may occur in the future. Banks assess assets' riskiness and assign risk-weightings, which can be standardised or internally determined.

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Summary

What is a risk-weighted asset?

When a bank makes a loan to a customer, for accounting purposes that loan is recorded as an asset on the bank’s balance sheet. Of course, not all customer loans represent the same credit risk for a bank (credit risk being the risk that the customer may default on the loan and not pay it back. For this reason it is also known as default risk). Under international rules for regulatory capital, every loan is assigned a “risk-weighting”, which is meant to reflect the credit risk of the loan, and which is one of the inputs used to determine what the minimum regulatory capital requirement of the bank will be.

In those same regulatory capital rules, there are set directions for determining how much, as a minimum, equity capital a bank is required to have in place. Equity capital is on the other side of the bank balance sheet to assets, it is a liability of the bank. It represents the bank’s owners’ funds, or shareholders’ capital, and the Basel rules state how much as a minimum, shareholders’ funds a bank is required to have.

One of the main drivers of this minimum quantity of capital – but not the sole driver – is the amount of credit risk that a bank has on its balance sheet. And to go back to our first point, the level of the risk of the loan assets depends on how risky the loan customer is. A loan that has been risk-weighted becomes a risk-weighted asset, hence the acronym RWA. The higher the RWA, the more capital a bank will need to have.

How are risk-weightings assigned?

When a bank assesses a new opportunity to lend money to a customer, they conduct an assessment of that asset's riskiness. They take a view on the amount of risk of loss the asset represents and they assign it with a risk weighting.

A low-risk weighting is assigned to low-risk assets, that could be 0% for the UK government or 20% for investment-grade rated banks, and a high-risk weighting is applied to high-risk assets, for example, 100% for the government of a developing economy.

Every loan originated by a bank is assigned a risk weight. This weighting can be the standardised one given by Basel I or Basel II, or it can be one determined by the bank’s own approved internal model. Then the loan amount is multiplied by the risk weighting it has just been assigned, and this now represents the loan amount of riskiness that the asset presents to the bank. This is a useful way to compare different loan opportunities - and critically, these risk weights allow banks to understand how much capital a bank needs to hold against each asset to protect against future losses.

How are risk-weightings applied?

When a bank has analysed all of its assets for their inherent credit risk, and has assigned a risk weighting to every single asset class, and the relevant weightings have been applied to each individual loan, then the bank can now add these all together to come up with a complete view of the total credit risk that sits on their asset balance sheet, in terms of risk-weighted assets. This is the Risk Weighted Asset Base.

It is clear that the total risk-weighted asset base of a bank will be a considerable amount less than the total notional of its lending.

How does risk-weighting influence a bank's capital requirements?

In essence regulatory capital is meant to absorb unexpected losses, while expected losses should be recognised as a cost of doing business.

Risk-weighting influences the regulatory capital requirement by multiplying the RWA base with the minimum required capital ratio, and that determines the capital requirement.

If a bank wishes to use the standardised approach to risk weighting, then we assign the risk weights given by Basel II and which are a function of the credit rating of the loan.

If a bank wishes to use its own internally generated risk weightings, it will need to determine, based on its data, what the EL of each loan is. This is calculated by multiplying together the Exposure at Default, the Loss Given Default and the Probability of Default.

The EL for the loan will imply its risk weighting. This is then used to obtain the RWA for each loan by multiplying it with the loan notional.

Whether one uses a standardised or an internal model approach, one can see that the perceived riskier a bank’s loan book, the more regulatory capital it will need to have in place to enable it to undertake its lending.

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Moorad Choudhry

Moorad Choudhry

Professor Moorad Choudhry is a non-executive director at two UK financial institutions, having worked in London since 1989. He has experience in wholesale capital markets, treasury, ALM, and balance sheet management. Moorad's most recent role was as divisional treasurer at the Royal Bank of Scotland. He has also worked with Europe Arab Bank, KBC Financial Products, and JP Morgan. He is the author of "The Principles of Banking," which is currently in its 2nd edition.

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