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This pathway will walk us through the basics of banks, starting with some of the different types and their main functions, then starting to look at the regulation faced by the banks, both before and after the Global Financial Crisis.

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Greenwashing is the act of distributing false information about something being more environmentally friendly than it actually is.

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In this video, Max discusses the cost-of-living crisis currently enveloping the UK. He examines its impact on households as well as the overall economy.

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In the first video of this two-part video series, Elisa introduces us to sustainability. She begins by looking at the difference between sustainability and corporate social responsibility, two terms that can be easily confused.

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Discount Factors (Money Markets)

Discount Factors (Money Markets)

Abdulla Javeri

30 years: Financial markets trader

In this video, Abdulla explains discount factors as they specifically apply to money markets.

In this video, Abdulla explains discount factors as they specifically apply to money markets.

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Discount Factors (Money Markets)

3 mins 46 secs

Key learning objectives:

  • Knowing the PV formula for money markets and understanding the terms

Overview:

The discount factor used to calculate the present value of a money market fund must take into account the accrual time of the fund. This discount factor is used specifically for the money market, where securities mature in less than one year (so the formula has no exponents).

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Summary

Knowing the PV formula for money markets and understanding the terms

The money market, the market for short-term fixed-rate loans and deposits, deals with single periods of less than a year, so the TVM formula has no exponents:

PV = CF/(1 + r x days/base)

  • PV is the present value of a cash flow (CF) that occurs in the future
  • r is the nominal annual interest rate
  • days refers to the actual number of days to the cash flow
  • base is the number of days in the year (which depends on the currency of the cash flow)

Days/base is referred to as the accrual. The two major money market conventions for calculating accruals are Actual over 365 and Actual over 360. Discount factors are used all the time for interest and yield calculations as well as the valuation of securities. The formula can be re-written and simplified to:

PV = CF/(1 + r x accrual) -- or -- PV = CF x 1/(1 + r x accrual)

The term to the right of the multiplication sign is the discount factor and can be calculated separately. The present value of a cash flow receivable or payable in the future is the cash flow multiplied by the discount factor.

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Abdulla Javeri

Abdulla Javeri

Abdulla’s career in the financial markets started in 1990 when he entered the trading floor of the London International Financial Futures Exchange, LIFFE, and qualified as a pit trader in equity and equity index options. In 1996, Abdulla became a trainer for regulatory qualifications and then for non-exam courses, primarily covering all major financial products.

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