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Banking Essentials - Part I

This pathway will walk us through the basics of banks, starting with some of the different types and their main functions, then starting to look at the regulation faced by the banks, both before and after the Global Financial Crisis.

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In this video, Max discusses the cost-of-living crisis currently enveloping the UK. He examines its impact on households as well as the overall economy.

CSR and Sustainability in Financial Services

In the first video of this two-part video series, Elisa introduces us to sustainability. She begins by looking at the difference between sustainability and corporate social responsibility, two terms that can be easily confused.

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Discount Factors (Bonds)

Discount Factors (Bonds)

Abdulla Javeri

30 years: Financial markets trader

Discount factors are crucial in valuing cash flows, financial assets including derivatives on a consistent and accurate basis. In this video, Abdulla explains how they are applied using bond markets as an example.  

Discount factors are crucial in valuing cash flows, financial assets including derivatives on a consistent and accurate basis. In this video, Abdulla explains how they are applied using bond markets as an example.  

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Discount Factors (Bonds)

4 mins 19 secs

Key learning objectives:

  • How should discount factors be applied using bond markets as an example?

Overview:

Bond markets often require multi-period discount factors, which can be calculated by adjusting the basic discounted cash flow equation.

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Summary

How should discount factors be applied using bond markets as an example?

The basic TVM formula to solve for the present value of cash flows receivable or payable in the future is as follows:

PV = CF/(1+rp)periods

Rp is the rate for the period i.e. a rate or yield-to-maturity on a bond, divided by n, the frequency of interest or coupon payments in a year – rate(yield)/n. For a bond paying annual coupons, n is 1; for semi-annual n is 2; for quarterly n is 4.

The exponent is n multiplied by the time in years to the cash flow i.e. for a cash flow occurring in two years on a bond paying annual coupons, n is 1 and t is 2, so the power is 2. If it’s a semi-annual paying bond and the cash flow occurs in three years, n is 2 and t is 3 so the number of periods in the exponent, in this case, is 6.

The formula can be rearranged such that the PV is the future cash flow multiplied by 1 over 1 plus the periodic rate to the power of periods. We can calculate the latter expression separately and that’s the discount factor. What we’re left with is that the present value is the future cash flow multiplied by its discount factor.

The formula can be rewritten as:

PV = CF x 1/(1+rp)periods

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Abdulla Javeri

Abdulla Javeri

Abdulla’s career in the financial markets started in 1990 when he entered the trading floor of the London International Financial Futures Exchange, LIFFE, and qualified as a pit trader in equity and equity index options. In 1996, Abdulla became a trainer for regulatory qualifications and then for non-exam courses, primarily covering all major financial products.

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